Respon Morfologi, Fisiologi, dan Biokimia Bawang (Allium cepa L.) terhadap Cekaman Salinitas
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63822/vgf3j217Keywords:
Allium cepa, Cekaman Salinitas, Morfologi, Fisiologi, BiokimiaAbstract
Cekaman salinitas merupakan salah satu faktor pembatas utama produksi bawang (Allium cepa L.) yang berdampak pada berbagai tingkat organisasi biologis tanaman. Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mensintesis secara komprehensif respon morfologi, fisiologi, dan biokimia bawang terhadap cekaman salinitas berdasarkan hasil-hasil penelitian yang telah dipublikasikan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain literature review terintegrasi terhadap 27 artikel ilmiah yang relevan. Literatur diseleksi berdasarkan kriteria yang mencakup studi eksperimental yang melaporkan respon tanaman terhadap salinitas, baik sebagai stres tunggal maupun kombinasi, serta perlakuan amelioratif. Hasil sintesis menunjukkan bahwa cekaman salinitas secara konsisten menurunkan respon morfologi bawang, seperti daya kecambah, pertumbuhan vegetatif, dan bobot umbi, akibat stres osmotik dan gangguan ekspansi sel. Pada tingkat fisiologis, salinitas menyebabkan penurunan fotosintesis, keseimbangan air, stabilitas membran sel, serta terganggunya keseimbangan ion. Respon biokimia ditandai oleh peningkatan akumulasi osmolit, aktivasi sistem antioksidan, dan meningkatnya indikator stres oksidatif, yang mencerminkan mekanisme adaptif tanaman dalam menghadapi kondisi salin. Beberapa studi juga menunjukkan bahwa aplikasi mikroba dan biostimulan alami mampu memperbaiki respon fisiologis dan biokimia bawang pada kondisi salinitas. Kajian ini menegaskan pentingnya integrasi respon morfologi, fisiologi, dan biokimia dalam memahami toleransi salinitas bawang. Temuan ini memberikan dasar ilmiah bagi pengembangan kriteria seleksi dan strategi pemuliaan bawang toleran salinitas serta mendukung penerapan pendekatan budidaya adaptif di lahan salin.
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