Partai Politik Lokal, Otonomi Asimetris, dan Demokrasi Substantif di Aceh: Pelembagaan Partai dan Kinerja Tata Kelola Pasca-Konflik, 2005–2024
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63822/93gyta75Keywords:
Aceh; partai politik lokal; otonomi khusus; desentralisasi asimetris; pelembagaan partai; demokrasi substantif; DPRAAbstract
Artikel ini menganalisis sejauh mana keberadaan partai politik lokal mampu mengonversi otonomi politik formal menjadi demokrasi substantif dalam penyelenggaraan Otonomi Khusus Aceh. Berbeda dari kajian yang terutama menelaah legalitas partai lokal, transformasi Gerakan Aceh Merdeka (GAM), atau pelembagaan sistem kepartaian secara terpisah, penelitian ini menghubungkan pelembagaan partai dengan tiga fungsi tata kelola di Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Aceh (DPRA)—legislasi, penganggaran, dan pengawasan—dalam kerangka desentralisasi asimetris. Penelitian menggunakan studi kasus kualitatif berbasis analisis dokumen terhadap regulasi, hasil pemilu, dokumen kelembagaan, laporan resmi, dan literatur peer-reviewed untuk periode 2005–2024. Temuan menunjukkan tiga pola utama. Pertama, partai lokal berhasil menginstitusionalisasikan kanal politik pasca-konflik dan memperkuat legitimasi kompetisi elektoral, tetapi pelembagaan organisasionalnya tetap tidak merata. Kedua, dominasi Partai Aceh menurun dari 33 dari 69 kursi DPRA pada 2009 menjadi 29 dari 81 kursi pada 2014 dan 18 kursi pada 2019, kemudian mengalami pemulihan terbatas menjadi 20 kursi pada 2024. Pola ini menunjukkan penurunan jangka panjang dari puncak awal, bukan penurunan linear. Ketiga, kapasitas partai lokal untuk mengubah representasi formal menjadi akuntabilitas kebijakan masih dibatasi fragmentasi elite, personalisme, praktik klientelistik, kapasitas kebijakan, serta ketegangan pusat–daerah dan transisi fiskal Dana Otonomi Khusus. Artikel ini menawarkan konsep kesenjangan konversi otonomi: otonomi politik formal menghasilkan demokrasi substantif hanya apabila dimediasi oleh pelembagaan partai yang cukup kuat untuk menghubungkan kompetisi elektoral dengan fungsi legislasi, anggaran, pengawasan, inklusi, dan responsivitas kebijakan. Temuan ini memperkaya literatur tentang partai regional, desentralisasi asimetris, dan demokratisasi pasca-konflik.
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