Determinan Kerusakan Lingkungan di Provinsi Indonesia dengan Tingkat Tercemar Paling Tinggi
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.63822/6xqzch61Keywords:
Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, Urban Population, CO2 EmissionsAbstract
In this era, environmental degradation can no longer be ignored. Concerns about extreme climate change and global warming caused by greenhouse gas emissions are growing. The primary drivers of climate change are increased human activity driven by increased industrialization, rising global population growth, and the need to adapt to these changes. Human activity that causes carbon dioxide emissions comes from fossil fuels and deforestation. The data analysis technique used in this study is panel data regression estimation with a cross-section of 22 provinces in Indonesia for the period 2018-2023. The findings of this study conclude that economic growth, energy consumption, and forest area significantly influence carbon dioxide emissions in Singapore, Japan, Israel, South Korea, the United Arab Emirates, and Saudi Arabia from 2001-2020. The results show that forest area and economic growth have a positive and significant relationship with CO2 emissions across all provinces in Indonesia. This means that increasing forest area and economic growth actually contribute to increased emissions, due to increased exploitation of natural resources and industrialization. On the other hand, electricity consumption has a negative and significant relationship with CO2 emissions, indicating that increasing the use of electricity from renewable energy sources actually helps reduce emissions. Meanwhile, urban population growth has no significant effect on CO2 emissions, indicating that urbanization does not directly increase carbon pollution. These findings emphasize the importance of sustainable development policies that prioritize clean energy and responsible forest management across all provinces in Indonesia to balance economic growth with efforts to control climate change.
Downloads
References
Abdulah, M. H. (2019). Relevansi Teori Environmental Kuznets Curve Terhadap Degradasi Lingkungan Di Tiga Klasifikasi Negara Tahun 1985-2014. UIN Syarif Hidayatullah.
Al Nuaimi, H. S., Acquaye, A., & Mayyas, A. (2025). Machine learning applications for carbon emission estimation. Resources, Conservation & Recycling Advances, 27, 200263. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcradv.2025.200263
Ansari, M. A. (2022). Re-Visiting The Environmental Kuznets Curve For ASEAN: A Comparison Between Ecological Footprint and Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 168. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112867
Cao, H. et al. (2022). Impact Of Globalization, Institutional Quality, Economic Growth, Electricity And Renewable Energy Consumption On Carbon Dioxide Emission In OECD Countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17076-3
Chen, J., Wang, P., Cui, L., Huang, S., & Song, M. (2018). Decomposition and decoupling analysis of CO2 emissions in OECD. Applied Energy, 231, 937–950. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2018.09.179
Fouquet, R. (2016). Lessons From Energy History For Climate Policy: Technological Change, Demand and Economic Development. Energy Research & Social Science, 22, 79–93. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.erss.2016.09.001
Hardi, I., Idroes, G. M., Zulham, T., Suriani, S., & Saputra, J. (2023). Economic Growth , Agriculture , Capital Formation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in Indonesia : FMOLS , DOLS and CCR Applications. https://doi.org/10.60084/eje.v1i2.109
Harris, N. L., Gibbs, D. A., Baccini, A., Birdsey, R. A., de Bruin, S., Farina, M., … Tyukavina, A. (2021). Global maps of twenty-first century forest carbon fluxes. Nature Climate Change, 11(3), 234–240. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41558-020-00976-6
Hasanov, F. J., Sbia, R., Papadas, D., & Kostakis, I. (2024). The consumption-based carbon emissions effects of renewable energy and total factor productivity : The evidence from natural gas exporters. Energy Reports, 12(November), 5974–5989. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2024.11.054
Hossain, M. S. (2011). Panel estimation for CO2 emissions, energy consumption, economic growth, trade openness and urbanization of newly industrialized countries. Energy Policy, 39(11), 6991–6999. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2011.07.042
Idroes, G. M., Hardi, I., Hilal, I. S., Utami, R. T., Noviandy, T. R., & Idroes, R. (2024). Economic growth and environmental impact: Assessing the role of geothermal energy in developing and developed countries. Innovation and Green Development, 3(3), 100144. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.igd.2024.100144
Kim, H., Lee, Y., Koo, J.-H., & Yeo, M. J. (2025). Changes in future carbon dioxide emissions and contributing factors in Southeast Asia under the shared socioeconomic pathways. Energy for Sustainable Development, 86, 101721. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2025.101721
Lee, J. W. dan K. H. (2010). Economic Growth in Asia: Determinants and Prospects. Asian Development Bank, 20. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1688733
Mirza, F. M., Sinha, A., Khan, J. R., Kalugina, O. A., & Zafar, M. W. (2022). Impact of energy efficiency on CO2 Emissions: Empirical evidence from developing countries. Gondwana Research, 106, 64–77. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2021.11.017
Murdiyarso, D., Dewi, S., Lawrence, D., & Seymour, F. (2011). Front Matter. In Indonesia’s forest moratorium: A stepping stone to better forest governance? In Center for International Forestry Research. Center for International Forestry Research. Retrieved from Center for International Forestry Research website: http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep02310.1
Osobajo, O. A. dkk. (2020). The Impact of Energy Consumption and Economic Growth on Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Sustainability, 12(19), 7965. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3390/su12197965
Raggad, B. (2018). Carbon Dioxide Emissions, Economic Growth, Energy Use, And Urbanization in Saudi Arabia: Evidence From the ARDL Approach and Impulse Saturation Break Tests. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 25, 14882–14898. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-1698-7
Raihan, A. (2023). The Dynamic Nexus Between Economic Growth, Renewable Energy Use, Urbanization, Industrialization, Tourism, Agricultural Productivity, Forest Area, and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in The Philippines. Energy Nexus, 9. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2023.100180
Raihan, A. dan A. T. (2022a). Dynamic Impacts Of Economic Growth, Energy Use, Urbanization, Agricultural Productivity, And Forested Area On Carbon Emissions: New Insights From Kazakhstan. World Development Sustainability, 1. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wds.2022.100019
Raihan, A. dan A. T. (2022b). The Nexus Between Economic Growth, Energy Use, Urbanization, Tourism, and Carbon Dioxide Emissions: New Insights From Singapore. Sustainability Analytics and Modeling, 2(100009).
Raihan, A. et al. (2021). A Meta-Analysis Of The Economic Value Of Forest Carbon Stock. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space 1, 17, 321–338. https://doi.org/10.17576/geo-2021-1704-22
Santi, R. dan H. S. (2021). Analisis Pengaruh Pertumbuhan Ekonomi, Jumlah Penduduk, Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), Energy Use/Consumption dan Krisis Ekonomi Terhadap Kualitas Lingkungan Ditinjau Dari Tingkat Carbon Footprint di Asean 8. Diponegoro Journal Of Economics, 10(2).
Sarkodie, S. A. dan V. S. (2018). Empirical Study of The Environmental Kuznets Curve And Environmental Sustainability Curve Hypothesis For Australia, China, Ghana and USA. Journal of Cleaner Production, 201, 98–110. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.08.039
Usman, M. et al. (2023). Do Financial Development, Economic Growth, Energy Consumption, And Trade Openness Contribute To Increase Carbon Emission In Pakistan? An Insight Based On ARDL Bound Testing Approach. Environment, Development and Sustainability, 25, 444–473. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-021-02062-z
Usman, M., Khalid, K., & Mehdi, M. A. (2021). What determines environmental deficit in Asia? Embossing the role of renewable and non-renewable energy utilization. Renewable Energy, 168, 1165–1176. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2021.01.012
Wahab, S., Imran, M., Ahmed, B., Rahim, S., & Hassan, T. (2024). Navigating environmental concerns: Unveiling the role of economic growth, trade, resources and institutional quality on greenhouse gas emissions in OECD countries. Journal of Cleaner Production, 434, 139851. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.139851
Wang, Q. at al. (2023). Revisiting the Environmental Kuznets Curve Hypothesis in 208 Counties: The Roles of Trade Openness, Human Capital, Renewable Energy and Natural Resource Rent. Environmental Research, 216. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2022.114637
Wang, J., & Dong, K. (2019). What drives environmental degradation? Evidence from 14 Sub-Saharan African countries. Science of The Total Environment, 656, 165–173. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.354
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Wahyu Aji Wijaya, Khoirul An’am, Romualdus T.P Maro Djanggo (Author)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
